Which one sounds more natural, 1 or 2?

I will buy you a cake.

That’s because we don’t say all words with equal emphasis. Rhythm means you need to change from low to high, short to long, and soft to loud sounds. In other words, rhythm is the combined changes in the pitch, duration, and volume of sounds in speech.

We will look at the many aspects of rhythm throughout the episodes, but first we will begin with sentence stress.

In a sentence, we stress key words by saying them louder, longer, and with higher pitch than others, so the listener understands the most important parts of the message. Normally, we place stress on content words and not on function words.

Content Words	Function Words
Nouns: house, doctor, idea	Articles: a, an, the
Main verbs: sleep, drink, run, go	Helper verbs: am, is, does, did, has, had, can
Adjectives: small, ugly, wonderful, funny	Personal pronouns: I, me, you, he, her, him
Adverbs: rarely, happily, sometimes	Possessive adjectives: my, his, her, your, its, their
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those (sometimes)	Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs	Relative pronouns: whose, that, which, who, whom
Question words: who, what, where, when, why, how (but often not in common phrases)	Conjunctions: and, but, so, or, before, because, while
Negative: not, isn’t, don’t, hasn’t, can’t	Prepositions: to, in, on, with, for, under, over

For example, in I will buy you a cake, the stress in the sentence typically looks like this: I will BUY you a CAKE as in #2 above.

To understand how rhythm involves the change between stressed and unstressed syllables, listen to the following examples of these rhythm patterns shared by words and sentences.

The big O, which I call “da,” represents the stressed syllables and the small o, which I call “di,” represents the unstressed syllables.

RHYTHM PATTERNS
O o TEACHer GET it.
o O reFUSE She LEFT.
o O o adVANtage He WANTS it.
O o O o enterTAIner (“en” receives secondary stress) DAVE’S a DOCtor.

In many languages, every syllable in a sentence gets the same amount of stress. These languages are called syllable-timed languages.

However, English is a stress-timed language, which means the amount of time between the stressed syllables stays about the same, no matter how many unstressed syllables there are. The unstressed syllables are shortened to keep this pattern.

Listen to the following examples that illustrate this point.

CATS EAT FISH.

CATS have to EAT some FISH.

CATS might have to EAT a lot of FISH.

Each of these sentences takes about the same amount of time to say. In order to keep the time between the stressed syllables the same, we say the unstressed syllables quickly, and that makes the important stressed words clearer.

Please note that the stress in a sentence is not always on the same words for every speaker and context. While there is a general pattern, the placement of stress can depend on which words each individual speaker thinks are important.

Practice: Listen to these lines from the conversation again. Using the chart above, decide which words are most likely stressed and check your answers.

1. Great to meet you too.
2. I’m from Vancouver.
3. I’m an English teacher.
4. Do you have any suggestions?
5. I love sushi!